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Sex differences in humans have been studied in a variety of fields. In humans, biological sex is determined by five factors present at birth: the presence or absence of a Y chromosome, the type of gonads, the sex hormones, the internal reproductive anatomy (such as the uterus in females), and the external genitalia.〔Knox, David; Schacht, Caroline. ''(Choices in Relationships: An Introduction to Marriage and the Family )''. 11 ed. Cengage Learning; 2011-10-10 (17 June 2013 ). ISBN 9781111833220. p. 64–66.〕 A distinction is sometimes made between sex and gender. Sex differences generally refer to traits that are sexually dimorphic. Such differences are hypothesized to be products of the evolutionary process of sexual selection.〔Mealey, L. (2000). Sex differences. NY: Academic Press.〕〔Geary, D. C. (2009) Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences. Washtington, D.C.: American Psychological Association〕 By contrast, the term ''gender differences'' refers to average group differences between males and females that are presumably based on sexually monomorphic (the same between the sexes) biological adaptations. ==Medicine== (詳細はdiseases that occur ''only'' in people of one sex; and sex-related diseases, which are diseases that are more usual to one sex, or which manifest differently in each sex. For example, certain autoimmune diseases may occur predominantly in one sex, for unknown reasons. 90% of primary biliary cirrhosis cases are women, whereas primary sclerosing cholangitis is more common in men. Gender-based medicine, also called "gender medicine", is the field of medicine that studies the biological and physiological differences between the human sexes and how that affects differences in disease. Traditionally, medical research has mostly been conducted using the male body as the basis for clinical studies. Similar findings are also reported in the sport medicine literature where males typically account for >60% of the individuals studied. The findings of these studies have often been applied across the sexes and healthcare providers have assumed a uniform approach in treating both male and female patients. More recently, medical research has started to understand the importance of taking the sex into account as the symptoms and responses to medical treatment may be very different between sexes.〔 〕 Neither concept should be confused with sexually transmitted diseases, which are diseases that have a significant probability of transmission through sexual contact. Sex-related illnesses have various causes: * Sex-linked genetic illnesses * Parts of the reproductive system that are specific to one sex * Social causes that relate to the gender role expected of that sex in a particular society. * Different levels of prevention, reporting, diagnosis or treatment in each gender. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「sex differences in humans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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